Pressao Arterial na Adolescencia, Adipocinas e Inflamacao no Adulto Jovem. Estudo do Rio de Janeiro / Blood Pressure in Adolescence, Adipokines and Inflammation in Young Adults. The Rio de Janeiro Study

Fundamento: O impacto pressão arterial (PA) na adolescência sobre outros fatores de risco cardiovascular em adultos jovens é importante para a prevenção primária. Objetivo: Avaliar a PA, índices antropométricos, perfil metabólico e inflamatório de jovens estratificados pelo comportamento da sua PA obtida há 18 anos. Métodos: Avaliaram-se 116 indivíduos, sendo 63 homes, pertencentes ao estudo do Rio de Janeiro (seguimento 17,76 ± 1,63 anos) em dois momentos: A1 (12,40 ± 1,49 anos) e A2 (30,09 ± 2,01 anos). Os 116 indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: GN (n = 71), PA normal em A1; e GH (n = 45): PA anormal em A1. A PA, o peso, a altura e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) foram obtidos em A1 e A2. Em A2, acrescentaram-se a circunferência abdominal (CA) e variáveis laboratoriais, metabólicas e inflamatórias. Resultados: 1) Os grupos não diferiram quanto à idade e sexo; 2) Em A2, GH apresentou maiores médias de peso, IMC, PA, insulina, HOMA-IR (p < 0,001), leptina (p < 0,02), Apolipoproteína B100 e A1 (p < 0,02), relação Apolipoproteína B100 / Apolipoproteína A1 (p < 0,010), maiores prevalências de sobrepeso/obesidade (p < 0,001), da CA aumentada (p < 0,001) e de hipertensão arterial (p < 0,02); 3) Não houve diferença entre os grupos para as variáveis inflamatórias; 4) Houve correlação positiva da PA em A1 com a PA, o IMC, e com a insulina, a leptina e o HOMA-IR em A2 (p < 0,05). Conclusões: A PA na adolescência se associou a maiores valores de PA, variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas na fase adulta jovem, mas não a variáveis inflamatórias. .

Background: The impact of blood pressure (BP) during adolescence on other cardiovascular risk factors in young adults is important for the primary prevention. Objective: To evaluate BP, anthropometric indexes, metabolic and inflammatory profiles in young individuals stratified by their BP behavior recorded for 18 years. Methods: A total of 116 individuals, of whom 63 were males, from the Rio de Janeiro study (follow-up of 17.76 ± 1.63 years), were assessed at two moments: A1 (12.40 ± 1.49 years) and A2 (30.09 ± 2.01 years). The 116 individuals were divided into two groups: GN (n = 71), of participants with normal BP at A1; and GH (n = 45), of those with abnormal BP at A1. BP, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were measured at A1 and A2. At A2, abdominal circumference (AC) and laboratory, metabolic and inflammatory variables were included. Results: 1) No difference was observed between the groups as regards age and gender; 2) At A2, GH showed higher mean weight, BMI, BP, insulin, HOMA-IR (p < 0.001), leptin (p < 0.02), apolipoprotein B100 and A1 (p < 0.02), apolipoprotein B100 / apolipoprotein A1 ratio (p < 0.010); and higher prevalences of overweight/obesity (p < 0.001), of increased AC (p < 0.001) and of hypertension (p < 0.02); 3) No difference was observed between the groups as regards the inflammatory variables; 4) There was a positive correlation of BP at A1 with BP, BMI, insulin, leptin and HOMA-IR at A2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: BP in adolescence was associated with higher values of BP, and anthropometric and metabolic variables in young adulthood, but not with inflammatory variables. .

Blood pressure in adolescence, adipokines and inflammation in young adults. The rio de janeiro study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of blood pressure (BP) during adolescence on other cardiovascular risk factors in young adults is important for the primary prevention. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate BP, anthropometric indexes, metabolic and inflammatory profiles in young individuals stratified by their BP behavior recorded for 18 years. METHODS: A total of 116 individuals, of whom 63 were males, from the Rio de Janeiro study (follow-up of 17.76 ± 1.63 years), were assessed at two moments: A1 (12.40 ± 1.49 years) and A2 (30.09 ± 2.01 years). The 116 individuals were divided into two groups: GN (n = 71), of participants with normal BP at A1; and GH (n = 45), of those with abnormal BP at A1. BP, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were measured at A1 and A2. At A2, abdominal circumference (AC) and laboratory, metabolic and inflammatory variables were included. RESULTS: 1) No difference was observed between the groups as regards age and gender; 2) At A2, GH showed higher mean weight, BMI, BP, insulin, HOMA-IR (p < 0.001), leptin (p < 0.02), apolipoprotein B100 and A1 (p < 0.02), apolipoprotein B100 / apolipoprotein A1 ratio (p < 0.010); and higher prevalences of overweight/obesity (p < 0.001), of increased AC (p < 0.001) and of hypertension (p < 0.02); 3) No difference was observed between the groups as regards the inflammatory variables; 4) There was a positive correlation of BP at A1 with BP, BMI, insulin, leptin and HOMA-IR at A2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: BP in adolescence was associated with higher values of BP, and anthropometric and metabolic variables in young adulthood, but not with inflammatory variables.

Velocidade da onda de pulso, pressão arterial e adipocitocinas em adultos jovens: estudo do Rio de Janeiro / Pulse wave velocity, blood pressure and adipocytokines in young adults: the Rio de Janeiro study

FUNDAMENTO: Dados sobre a avaliação não invasiva vascular e suas relações com variáveis de risco cardiovascular são escassos em jovens. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre a velocidade de onda de pulso e a pressão arterial,variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas, incluindo as adipocitocinas, em indivíduos adultos jovens. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 96 indivíduos (51 homens) do estudo do Rio de Janeiro, de 26 a 35 anos (média 30,09 ± 1,92). Foram obtidos a velocidade de onda de pulso (método Complior), pressão arterial, índice de massa corporal, glicose, perfil lipídico, leptina, insulina, adiponectina e o índice de resistência à insulina HOMA-IR. Os indivíduos foram estratificados em três grupos segundo o tercil da VOP para cada sexo. RESULTADOS: O grupo com maior tercil de VOP mostrou maiores médias de pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica, pressão arterial média, índice de massa corporal, insulina, HOMA-IR e menores médias de adiponectina, além de maiores prevalências de diabetes mellitus/intolerância à glicose e hiperinsulinemia. Houve correlação significativa e positiva da velocidade da onda de pulso com pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica, pressão de pulso e pressão arterial média, índice de massa corporal, e LDL-colesterol e negativa com HDL-colesterol e adiponectina. Em modelo de regressão múltipla, após ajuste do HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e adiponectina para sexo, idade, índice de massa corporal e pressão arterial média, apenas o sexo masculino e a pressão arterial média mantiveram correlação significativa com a velocidade de onda de pulso. CONCLUSÃO: A velocidade de onda de pulso em adultos jovens mostrou relação significativa com variáveis de risco cardiovascular, destacando-se o sexo masculino e a pressão arterial média como importantes variáveis no seu determinismo. Os achados sugerem que a medida da VOP pode ser útil para a identificação do acometimento vascular nessa faixa etária.

BACKGROUND: Data on noninvasive vascular assessment and their association with cardiovascular risk variables are scarce in young individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between pulse wave velocity and blood pressure, anthropometric and metabolic variables, including adipocytokines, in young adults. METHODS: A total of 96 individuals aged 26 to 35 years (mean 30.09 ± 1.92; 51 males) were assessed in the Rio de Janeiro study. Pulse wave velocity (Complior method), blood pressure, body mass index, glucose, lipid profile, leptin, insulin, adiponectin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were analyzed. Subjects were stratified into three groups according to the PWV tertile for each gender. RESULTS: The group with the highest pulse wave velocity (PWV) tertile showed higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, body mass index, insulin, and HOMA-IR, as well as lower mean adiponectin; higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. There was a significant positive correlation of PWV with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and mean blood pressure, body mass index, and LDL-cholesterol, and a negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin. In the multiple regression model, after adjustment of HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and adiponectin for gender, age, body mass index and mean blood pressure, only the male gender and mean blood pressure remained significantly correlated with PWV. CONCLUSION: PWV in young adults showed a significant association with cardiovascular risk variables, especially in the male gender, and mean blood pressure as important determinant variables. The findings suggest that PWV measurement can be useful for the identification of vascular impairment in this age group.

Pulse wave velocity, blood pressure and adipocytokines in young adults: the Rio de Janeiro study.

BACKGROUND: Data on noninvasive vascular assessment and their association with cardiovascular risk variables are scarce in young individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between pulse wave velocity and blood pressure, anthropometric and metabolic variables, including adipocytokines, in young adults. METHODS: A total of 96 individuals aged 26 to 35 years (mean 30.09 ± 1.92; 51 males) were assessed in the Rio de Janeiro study. Pulse wave velocity (Complior method), blood pressure, body mass index, glucose, lipid profile, leptin, insulin, adiponectin and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were analyzed. Subjects were stratified into three groups according to the PWV tertile for each gender. RESULTS: The group with the highest pulse wave velocity (PWV) tertile showed higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, body mass index, insulin, and HOMA-IR, as well as lower mean adiponectin; higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia. There was a significant positive correlation of PWV with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and mean blood pressure, body mass index, and LDL-cholesterol, and a negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin. In the multiple regression model, after adjustment of HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and adiponectin for gender, age, body mass index and mean blood pressure, only the male gender and mean blood pressure remained significantly correlated with PWV. CONCLUSION: PWV in young adults showed a significant association with cardiovascular risk variables, especially in the male gender, and mean blood pressure as important determinant variables. The findings suggest that PWV measurement can be useful for the identification of vascular impairment in this age group.

Velocidade da onda de pulso em adultos jovens acompanhados por 18 anos: impacto de variáveis pressóricas, antropométricas, metabólicas, inflamatórias e de função endotelial. Estudo do Rio de Janeiro / Pulse wave velocity in young adults followed for 18 years: variable impact of blood pressure, anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory and endothelial function. Study of Rio de Janeiro

Fundamento: Dados sobre a avaliação não invasiva da rigidez vascular e suas relações com variáveis de risco cardiovascular são escassos em jovens. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) e a pressão arterial (PA), variáveis antropométricas, metabólicas, inflamatórias e de disfunção endotelial em indivíduos adultos jovens. Método: Foram estudados 96 indivíduos (51 homens) do Estudo do Rio de Janeiro, em duas avaliações, A1 e A2, com intervalo de 17,69+-1,58 anos (16 a 21 anos). Em A1 foram avaliados em suas escolas (10-15 anos - média 12,42+-1,47 anos) e em A2 foram novamente avaliados em nível ambulatorial (26-35 anos - média 30,09+-1,92 anos). Em A1 foram obtidos pressão arterial (PA) e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Em A2 foram obtidos a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP)-método Complior, PA, IMC, circunferência abdominal (CA), glicose, perfil lipídico, leptina, insulina, adiponectina, o índice de resistência à insulina HOMA-IR, proteína C-Reativa ultrassensivel (PCRus) e as moléculas de adesão E-selectina, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1(VCAM-1) e Intercellular Achesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Foram obtidos, ainda, a variação da PA e do IMC entre as 2 avaliações. Em A2 os indivíduos foram estratificados segundo o tercil da VOP para cada sexo. Resultados: 1) Os grupos foram constituídos da seguinte forma: Tercil 1:homens com VOP < 8,69 m/s e mulheres com VOP < 7,66 m/s; Tercil 2: homens com VOP >- 8,69 m/s e < 9,65m/s e mulheres com VOP >- 7,66 m/s e < 8,31 m/s; Tercil 3:homens com VOP >- 9,65 m/s e mulheres com VOP >- 8,31 m/s. 2) O grupo com maior tercil de VOP mostrou maiores médias de PA sistólica (PAS) (p=0,005), PA diastólica (PAD) (p=0,007), PA média (PAM) (p=0,004), variação da PAD (p=0,032), variação da PAM (p=0,003), IMC (p=0,046), variação do IMC (p=0,020), insulina (p=0,019), HOMAR-IR (p=0,021), E-selectina (p=0,032) e menores médias de adiponectina (p=0,016), além de maiores prevalências de diabetes ...

Background: Data on non-invasive evaluation of vascular stiffness in the young and its relationship with cardiovascular (CV) risk variables are scarce. Objective: To assess the relationship between pulse wave velocity (PWV) and blood pressure (BP), anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction variables in young adults. Methods: Ninety-six individuals (51 males) from The Rio de Janeiro Study cohort were studied in two evaluations, A1 and A2, with and interval of 17.69 +- 1.58 years (16-21 years). In A1 they were evaluated at their schools (10-15 years - aerage 12.42 +- 1.47 years) and in A2 they were all re-evaluated as outpatients (26-35 years - average 30.09 +- 1.92 years). In A1 BP and body mass index (BMI) were obtained. In A2 pulse wave velocity (PWV) by Complior method, BP, BMI, waist circunference (WC), glucose, lipid profile, leptin, insulin, adiponectin, the HOMA-IR insulin resistance index, high sensitive C-Reactive protein (CRPhs) and E-selectin, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) adhesion molecules were obtained. The BP and BMI variation over the time interval between the two evaluations were also obtained. Subjects were stratified according to tertile of PWV for each sex in A2. Results: 1) The groups were constituted as follows: Tertile 1: males with PWV <8.69 m/s and females with PWV <7.66 m/s; Tertile 2: males with PWV >- 8.69 m/s and <9.65 m/s and females with PWV >- 7.66 m/s and <8.31 m/s; Tertile 3: males with PWV >- 9.65 m/s and females with PWV >- 8.31 m/s 2) The group with the highest PWV tertile showed higher values of systolic BP (SBP) (p=0.005), diastolic BP (DBP) (p=0.007), mean BP (MBP) (p=0.004), DBP variation (p=0.032), MBP variation (p=0.033), BMI (p=0.046), BMI variation (p=0.020), insulin (p=0.019), HOMA-IR (p=0.021), E-Selectin (p=0.032) and lower values of adiponectin (p=0.016), besides higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance ...

A velocidade da onda de pulso em jovens: estudo do Rio de Janeiro / Pulse wave vocity in young adults: study of Rio de Janeiro / La velocidad de la onda de pulso en jóvenes: estudio de Rio de Janeiro

FUNDAMENTO: A velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) pode ser marcador de comprometimento cardiovascular, porém existem poucos estudos em adultos jovens. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação da pressão arterial (PA), variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas, atuais e obtidas 13 anos antes, na infância e adolescência, com a VOP. MÉTODOS: Sessenta indivíduos foram acompanhados longitudinalmente e estratificados em dois grupos segundo o percentil da pressão arterial (PA) obtido 13 anos antes: Grupo 1 (G1): percentil da PA < 50 (n = 25, 11M, 26,4 anos) e Grupo 2 (G2): percentil da PA > 95 (n = 35, 19M, 25,4 anos). Foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, análise laboratorial e medidas da VOP pelo método Complior. RESULTADOS: G1 apresentou maior média de idade; G2 exibiu maior média de: peso, PA sistólica (PAS), PA diastólica (PAD), PA média (PAM), VOP e glicemia, e menor média de HDL-colesterol. PAS, PAM e frequência cardíaca (FC) obtidas na infância e adolescência apresentaram correlação significativa com a VOP. Peso, altura, cintura, relação cintura/quadril, PAS, PAD, pressão de pulso (PP), PAM e creatinina atuais apresentaram correlação positiva e significativa com a VOP. A comparação das médias de VOP ajustadas pela PAS, PAD, PAS e PAD, PAM e PP não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O percentil da PA na infância/adolescência mostrou-se relacionado à distensibilidade arterial, avaliada pela VOP, 13 anos após. Alterações da VOP podem ser identificadas em indivíduos jovens, sugerindo que o comprometimento vascular precoce pode estar presente nessa faixa etária, relacionado também a pressão arterial, variáveis antropométricas e metabólicas.

BACKGROUND: Pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be a marker of cardiovascular impairment, but there are few studies in young adults. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between blood pressure (BP), current anthropometric and metabolic variables and those obtained 13 years earlier, in childhood and adolescence, with PWV. METHODS: Sixty individuals were followed longitudinally and split into two groups according to the percentile of blood pressure (BP) obtained 13 years earlier: Group 1 (G1): BP percentile < 50 (n = 25, 11M, 26.4 years old) and Group 2 (G2): BP > 95 percentile (n = 35, 19M, 25.4 years old). The individuals underwent clinical evaluation, laboratory analysis and measurements of PWV through the Complior method. RESULTS: G1 showed higher mean age; G2 showed greater mean weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), PWV and blood glucose, and lower mean HDL-cholesterol. SBP, MAP and heart rate (HR) obtained during childhood and adolescence significantly correlated with PWV. Current weight, height, waist-hip ratio, SBP, DBP, pulse pressure (PP), MAP and creatinine presented a positive and significant correlation with PWV. A comparison of the average PWV adjusted for SBP, DBP, SBP and DBP, MAP and PP showed no statistically significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: The percentile of BP in childhood/adolescence related to arterial distensibility assessed by PWV 13 years later. Changes in PWV can be identified in young individuals suggesting that early vascular impairment may be present in this age group, also related to blood pressure, anthropometric and metabolic variables.

FUNDAMENTO: La velocidad de la onda de pulso (VOP), puede ser un marcador de compromiso cardiovascular, aunque existen pocos estudios en adultos jóvenes. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación de la presión arterial (PA), variables antropométricas y metabólicas actuales y también obtenidas 13 años antes, en la infancia y en la adolescencia, con la VOP. MÉTODOS: Sesenta individuos fueron seguidos longitudinalmente y estratificados en dos grupos según el percentil de la presión arterial (PA) obtenido 13 años antes: Grupo 1(G1): percentil de la PA < 50 (n = 25, 11M, 26,4 años) y Grupo 2 (G2): percentil de la PA > 95 (n = 35, 19M, 25,4 años). Fueron sometidos a evaluación clínica, análisis laboratorial y medidas de la VOP por el método Complior. RESULTADOS: G1 presentó un promedio mayor de edad; G2 mostró un promedio mayor de: peso, PA sistólica (PAS), PA diastólica (PAD), PA promedio (PAP), VOP y glucemia, y menor promedio de HDL-colesterol. La PAS, PAP y la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), obtenidas en la infancia y en la adolescencia presentaron una correlación significativa con la VOP. El peso, altura, cintura, relación cintura/cadera, PAS, PAD, la presión de pulso (PP), PAP y la creatinina actuales, presentaron una correlación positiva y significativa con la VOP. La comparación de los promedios de VOP ajustados por las PAS, PAD, PAS y PAD, PAP y PP no arrojó ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: El percentil de la PA en la infancia/adolescencia tuvo una relación con la distensibilidad arterial, evaluada por la VOP, 13 años después. Las alteraciones de la VOP pueden ser identificadas en individuos jóvenes, sugiriendo que el compromiso vascular en edad temprana, puede estar presente en esa franja etaria, relacionando también la presión arterial, las variables antropométricas y metabólicas.

Pulse wave velocity in young adults: study of Rio de Janeiro.

BACKGROUND: Pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be a marker of cardiovascular impairment, but there are few studies in young adults. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between blood pressure (BP), current anthropometric and metabolic variables and those obtained 13 years earlier, in childhood and adolescence, with PWV. METHODS: Sixty individuals were followed longitudinally and split into two groups according to the percentile of blood pressure (BP) obtained 13 years earlier: Group 1 (G1): BP percentile < 50 (n = 25, 11M, 26.4 years old) and Group 2 (G2): BP > 95 percentile (n = 35, 19M, 25.4 years old). The individuals underwent clinical evaluation, laboratory analysis and measurements of PWV through the Complior method. RESULTS: G1 showed higher mean age; G2 showed greater mean weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), PWV and blood glucose, and lower mean HDL-cholesterol. SBP, MAP and heart rate (HR) obtained during childhood and adolescence significantly correlated with PWV. Current weight, height, waist-hip ratio, SBP, DBP, pulse pressure (PP), MAP and creatinine presented a positive and significant correlation with PWV. A comparison of the average PWV adjusted for SBP, DBP, SBP and DBP, MAP and PP showed no statistically significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: The percentile of BP in childhood/adolescence related to arterial distensibility assessed by PWV 13 years later. Changes in PWV can be identified in young individuals suggesting that early vascular impairment may be present in this age group, also related to blood pressure, anthropometric and metabolic variables.

Associação entre ácido úrico e variáveis de risco cardiovascular em uma população não hospitalar / Association between uric acid and cardiovascular risk variables in a non-hospitalized population / Asociación entre ácido úrico y variables de riesgo cardiovascular en una población no hospitalaria

FUNDAMENTO: A associação entre ácido úrico (AU) e as variáveis de risco cardiovascular permanece controversa em estudos epidemiológicos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre o AU, pressão arterial (PA), índices antropométricos e variáveis metabólicas em população não hospitalar estratificada por quintis de AU. MÉTODOS: Em estudo observacional transversal, foram avaliados 756 indivíduos (369M), com idade de 50,3 ± 16,12 anos, divididos em quintis de AU. Foram obtidos PA, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência abdominal (CA), AU, glicose, insulina, HOMA-IR, colesterol (CT), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG), creatinina (C). Foi calculada a taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGE) e considerada hipertensão arterial (HA) quando a PA > 140x90 mmHg, sobrepeso/obesidade (S/O) quando IMC > 25 kg/m² e síndrome metabólica (SM) de acordo com a I Diretriz Brasileira de SM. RESULTADOS: 1) Não houve diferença entre os grupos na distribuição por sexo e faixa etária; 2) Os maiores quintis de AU apresentaram maiores médias de idade (p < 0,01), IMC, CA (p < 0,01), PAS, PAD (p < 0,001), CT, LDL-c, TG (p < 0,01), C e TFGE (p < 0,001) e menor média de HDL-c (p < 0,001); 3) O grupo com maior quintil de AU mostrou maiores prevalências de HA, S/O e SM (p < 0,001); 4) Maiores percentuais dos menores quintis de insulina (p < 0,02) e de HOMA-IR (p < 0,01) foram encontrados nos menores quintis de AU; 5) Em análise de regressão logística, o AU e as variáveis que compõem a SM apresentaram-se associados à ocorrência de SM (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Maiores quintis de ácido úrico associaram-se a pior perfil de risco cardiovascular e a pior perfil de função renal na amostra populacional não hospitalar estudada.

BACKGROUND: The association between uric acid (UA) and cardiovascular risk variables remains a controversial issue in epidemiological studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between UA, blood pressure (BP), anthropometric indices and metabolic variables in a non-hospitalized population stratified by UA quintiles. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study evaluated 756 individuals (369 males), aged 50.3 ± 16.12 years, divided in UA quintiles. BP, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC), UA, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides (TG) and creatinine (C) levels were obtained. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated and arterial hypertension (AH) was considered when BP > 140x90 mmHg, overweight/obesity (OW/O) was considered when BMI > 25 kg/m² and metabolic syndrome (MS) was established according to the I Brazilian Guideline of MS. RESULTS: 1) There was no difference between the groups regarding the distribution by sex and age range; 2) The highest UA quintiles presented higher mean age (p < 0.01), BMI, AC (p < 0.01), SBP, DBP (p < 0.001), TC, LDL-c, TG (p < 0.01), C and eGFR (p < 0.001) and lower mean HDL-c (p < 0.001); 3) The group with the highest UA quintile showed higher prevalence of AH, OW/O and MS (p < 0.001); 4) Higher percentages of the lowest quintiles of insulin (p < 0.02) and HOMA-IR (p < 0.01) were observed with the lowest quintiles of UA; 5) A logistic regression analysis showed that UA and the variables that compose MS were associated with the occurrence of MS (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Higher quintiles of uric acid were associated with a worse cardiovascular risk profile and a worse kidney function profile in the non-hospitalized population sample studied.

FUNDAMENTO: La asociación entre ácido úrico (AU) y las variables de riesgo cardiovascular permanece controvertida en estudios epidemiológicos. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre el AU, presión arterial (PA), índices antropométricos y variables metabólicas en población no hospitalaria estratificada por quintiles de AU. MÉTODOS: En estudio observacional transversal, se evaluaron a 756 individuos (369 hombres), con promedio de edad de 50,3 ± 16,12 años, divididos en quintiles de AU. Se obtuvieron PA, índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunferencia abdominal (CA), dosis de AU, glucosa, insulina, HOMA-IR, colesterol (CT), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicéridos (TG), creatinina (C). Se calculó la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada (TFGE) y considerada como hipertensión arterial (HA) cuando la PA > 140 x 90 mmHg, sobrepeso/obesidad (S/O) cuando IMC > 25 kg/m² y síndrome metabólico (SM) de acuerdo con la I Directriz Brasileña de SM. RESULTADOS: 1) no hubo diferencia entre los grupos en la distribución por sexo y grupo de edad; 2) los mayores quintiles de AU presentaron mayores promedios de edad (p < 0,01), IMC, CA (p < 0,01), PAS, PAD (p < 0,001), CT, LDL-c, TG (p < 0,01), C y TFGE (p < 0,001) y menor promedio de HDL-c (p < 0,001); 3) el grupo con mayor quintil de AU reveló mayores prevalencias de HA, S/O y SM (p < 0,001); 4) mayores porcentuales de los menores quintiles de insulina (p < 0,02) y de HOMA-IR (p < 0,01) fueron encontrados en los menores quintiles de AU; 5) en análisis de regresión logística, el AU y las variables que componen la SM se presentaron asociados a la ocurrencia de SM (p < 0,01). CONCLUSIÓN: Mayores quintiles de ácido úrico se asociaron a un peor perfil de riesgo cardiovascular y a un peor perfil de función renal en la muestra poblacional no hospitalaria estudiada.

Association between uric acid and cardiovascular risk variables in a non-hospitalized population.

BACKGROUND: The association between uric acid (UA) and cardiovascular risk variables remains a controversial issue in epidemiological studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between UA, blood pressure (BP), anthropometric indices and metabolic variables in a non-hospitalized population stratified by UA quintiles. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study evaluated 756 individuals (369 males), aged 50.3 ± 16.12 years, divided in UA quintiles. BP, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC), UA, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides (TG) and creatinine (C) levels were obtained. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated and arterial hypertension (AH) was considered when BP > 140x90 mmHg, overweight/obesity (OW/O) was considered when BMI > 25 kg/m² and metabolic syndrome (MS) was established according to the I Brazilian Guideline of MS. RESULTS: 1) There was no difference between the groups regarding the distribution by sex and age range; 2) The highest UA quintiles presented higher mean age (p < 0.01), BMI, AC (p < 0.01), SBP, DBP (p < 0.001), TC, LDL-c, TG (p < 0.01), C and eGFR (p < 0.001) and lower mean HDL-c (p < 0.001); 3) The group with the highest UA quintile showed higher prevalence of AH, OW/O and MS (p < 0.001); 4) Higher percentages of the lowest quintiles of insulin (p < 0.02) and HOMA-IR (p < 0.01) were observed with the lowest quintiles of UA; 5) A logistic regression analysis showed that UA and the variables that compose MS were associated with the occurrence of MS (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Higher quintiles of uric acid were associated with a worse cardiovascular risk profile and a worse kidney function profile in the non-hospitalized population sample studied.

Importance of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels to the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the elderly.

Studies about the impact of HDL-C levels on the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the elderly are scarce. We decided to evaluate the relation of clinical and laboratory variables to the incidence of CVD events in the elderly stratified according to HDL-C behavior in an 8-year follow-up. We assessed 126 elderly (mean age: 70.01±7.24 years; 33.3% were men) on two occasions (assessment 1=A1, and assessment 2=A2), with a minimum of 5-year interval. They underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation and were divided into three groups as follows: (1) GN (n=52), normal HDL-C levels on A1 and A2; (2) GL (n=36), low HDL-C levels on A1 and A2; (3) GV (n=38), HDL-C levels varying from A1 to A2. The following CVD events were observed: coronary artery disease (angina pectoris=AP, myocardial infarction=MI, percutaneous/surgical coronary intervention); stroke; transient ischemic attack=TIA; carotid disease; and heart failure=HF. The groups did not differ in age or gender at A1 and A2. Triglyceride=TG mean levels were lower in GN at A1 (p=0.007) and A2 (p<0.001) than in GL. There were 14 CVD events in GN (26.9%), 23 (63.9%) in GL, and 13 (34.2%) in GV (χ2=12.825; p=0.002). In logistic regression analysis, we observed that the higher the systolic blood pressure (SBP) (odds ratio [OR]=1.0231; p=0.0338) and the lower the HDL-C (OR=0.9363; p=0.0035), the higher the incidence of CVD events. Persistently low HDL-C levels over 8 years of follow-up were a risk factor (RF) for the development of CVD events in the elderly.

[Overweight and cardiovascular risk among young adults followed-up for 17 years: the Rio de Janeiro study, Brazil].

BACKGROUND: The adoption of primary prevention measures among young people has a favorable impact on the context of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To assess blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk variables among young adults stratified according to the body mass index (BMI) behavior obtained along 17 years, since childhood/adolescence (C/A). METHODS: Three assessments were carried out in 115 individuals pertaining to the study cohort of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A1: 12.97 +/- 1.48 years old; A2: 21.90 +/- 1.71 years old; A3: 30.65 +/- 2.00 years olds and divided into three groups according to BMI in the three assessments: Group N (always normal BMI; n=46), Group L (varying BMI; n=49) and Group O/O (always increased BMI; n=20). In A1, A2 and A3, BP and BMI were obtained. In A2 and A3, glucose (G) and lipidic profile were dosed. Also in A2, insulin (INS) was dosed and HOMA-IR was calculated. In A3, the measurement of waist circumference (WC), abdomen/hip relation (AHR) and body fat percentage (%BF) were added. RESULTS: 1) Group O/O presented higher mean values of increased BP (p<0.0001) at the three assessments; 2) In A3, Group O/O showed higher mean values for WC, AHR and %BF and prevalence of increased WC and metabolic syndrome (MS) (p<0.0001); 3) higher mean values were observed for INS, HOMA-IR, LDL-c in A2, and G, cholesterol, LDL-c and triglycerides in A3 for Group O/O (p<0.05); 4) masculine sex and O/O at A1 determined higher risk for MS occurrence in adult age. CONCLUSION: The presence of O/O since C/A was associated with higher BP values, anthropometric indexes and higher prevalence of MS in the young adult phase.

Excesso de peso e o risco cardiovascular em jovens seguidos por 17 anos: estudo do Rio de Janeiro / El exceso de peso y el riesgo cardiovascular en jóvenes seguidos durante 17 años: estudio del Rio de Janeiro / Overweight and cardiovascular risk among young adults followed-up for 17 years: the Rio de Janeiro study, Brazil

FUNDAMENTO: A adoção de medidas de prevenção primária em jovens é de potencial impacto favorável no cenário das doenças cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a pressão arterial (PA) e variáveis de risco cardiovascular em jovens estratificados pelo comportamento do índice de massa corporal (IMC) obtido ao longo de 17 anos, desde a infância/adolescência (I/A). MÉTODOS: Três avaliações foram feitas em 115 indivíduos pertencentes à coorte do Estudo do Rio de Janeiro: A1:12,97 ± 1,48 anos; A2:21,90 ± 1,71 anos; A3:30,65 ± 2,00 anos e divididos em três grupos segundo o IMC nas três avaliações: Grupo N (IMC sempre normal; n=46), Grupo L (IMC variável; n=49) e Grupo S/O (IMC sempre aumentado; n=20). Em A1, A2 e A3 foram obtidos PA e IMC. Em A2 e A3, dosados glicose (G) e perfil lipídico. Ainda em A2, dosada insulina (INS) e calculado HOMA-IR. Em A3 acrescentou-se medida da circunferência abdominal (CA), relação abdômen/quadril (RAQ) e percentual de gordura corporal ( por centoGC). RESULTADOS: 1) Grupo S/O apresentou maiores médias de PA aumentada (p<0,0001) nas três avaliações; 2) Em A3, o grupo S/O mostrou maiores médias de CA, RAQ e por centoGC, e maiores prevalências de CA aumentada e síndrome metabólica (SM) (p<0,0001); 3) Foram observadas maiores médias de INS, HOMA-IR, LDL-c em A2, e G, colesterol, LDL-c e triglicerídeos em A3 no grupo S/O (p<0,05); 4) Gênero masculino e S/O em A1 determinaram maior risco para a ocorrência de SM na idade adulta. CONCLUSÃO: A Presença de S/O desde a I/A associou-se a maiores valores da PA, índices antropométricos e maior prevalência de SM na fase adulta jovem.

BACKGROUND: The adoption of primary prevention measures among young people has a favorable impact on the context of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To assess blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular risk variables among young adults stratified according to the body mass index (BMI) behavior obtained along 17 years, since childhood/adolescence (C/A). METHODS: Three assessments were carried out in 115 individuals pertaining to the study cohort of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A1: 12.97 ± 1.48 years old; A2: 21.90 ± 1.71 years old; A3: 30.65 ± 2.00 years olds and divided into three groups according to BMI in the three assessments: Group N (always normal BMI; n=46), Group L (varying BMI; n=49) and Group O/O (always increased BMI; n=20). In A1, A2 and A3, BP and BMI were obtained. In A2 and A3, glucose (G) and lipidic profile were dosed. Also in A2, insulin (INS) was dosed and HOMA-IR was calculated. In A3, the measurement of waist circumference (WC), abdomen/hip relation (AHR) and body fat percentage ( percentBF) were added. RESULTS: 1) Group O/O presented higher mean values of increased BP (p<0.0001) at the three assessments; 2) In A3, Group O/O showed higher mean values for WC, AHR and percentBF and prevalence of increased WC and metabolic syndrome (MS) (p<0.0001); 3) higher mean values were observed for INS, HOMA-IR, LDL-c in A2, and G, cholesterol, LDL-c and triglycerides in A3 for Group O/O (p<0.05); 4) masculine sex and O/O at A1 determined higher risk for MS occurrence in adult age. CONCLUSION: The presence of O/O since C/A was associated with higher BP values, anthropometric indexes and higher prevalence of MS in the young adult phase.

FUNDAMENTO: La adopción de medidas de prevención primaria en jóvenes es de potencial impacto favorable en el escenario de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la presión arterial (PA) y variables de riesgo cardiovascular en jóvenes estratificados por el comportamiento del índice de masa corporal (IMC) obtenido a lo largo de 17 años, desde la infancia/adolescencia (I/A). MÉTODOS: Tres evaluaciones se llevaron a cabo en 115 individuos pertenecientes a la cohorte del Estudio del Rio de Janeiro: A1:12,97 ± 1,48 años; A2:21,90 ± 1,71 años; A3:30,65 ± 2,00 años y divididos en tres grupos segundo el IMC en las tres evaluaciones: Grupo N (IMC siempre normal; n=46), Grupo L (IMC variable; n=49) y Grupo S/O (IMC siempre aumentado; n=20). En A1, A2 y A3 se obtuvieron PA e IMC. En A2 y A3, dosificados glucosa (G) y perfil lipídico. Todavía en A2, dosificada la insulina (INS) y calculado el HOMA-IR. En A3 se añadió la medida de la circunferencia abdominal (CA), relación abdomen/cadera (RAC) y porcentaje de grasa corporal ( por cientoGC). RESULTADOS: 1) Grupo S/O presentó mayores promedios de PA aumentada (p<0,0001) en las tres evaluaciones; 2) En A3, el grupo S/O mostró mayores promedios de CA, RAC y por cientoGC, y mayores prevalencias de CA aumentada y síndrome metabólico (SM) (p<0,0001); 3) Se observaron mayores promedios de INS, HOMA-IR, LDL-c en A2, y G, colesterol, LDL-c y Triglicéridos en A3 en el grupo S/O (p<0,05); 4) Género masculino y S/O en A1 determinaron mayor riesgo para la ocurrencia de SM en la edad adulta. CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de S/O desde la I/A se asoció a mayores valores de la PA, índices antropométricos y mayor prevalencia de SM en la fase adulta joven.

Pressão Arterial em jovens como marcador de risco cardiovascular. Estudo do Rio de Janeiro / Blood pressure in young individuals as a cardiovascular risk marker. The Rio de Janeiro study / Presión arterial en jóvenes como marcador de riesgo cardiovascular en jóvenes estudio de Rio de Janeiro

Fundamento: O estudo de variáveis de risco cardiovascular em populações jovens é fundamental para estratégias de prevenção primária Objetivo: Avaliar a pressão arterial (PA), perfil antropométrico e metabólico em jovens do Estudo do Rio de Janeiro, acompanhados por 17 anos. Métodos: Foram avaliados 115 indivíduos (64 masculinos) em três momentos (seguimento 212,23±16,0 meses): A1 (12,97±1,48 anos), A2 (21,90±1,71 anos) e A3 (30,65±2,00 anos) e divididos em dois grupos: GN (n=84) com pelo menos duas medidas de PA normais nas três avaliações; GH (n=31) com pelo menos duas medidas de PA anormais nas três avaliações. Nas três ocasiões foram obtidos: PA e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Em A2 e A3: glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e frações. Em A3 acrescentou-se a circunferência abdominal (CA). Resultados: 1) As médias da PA, IMC e CA (p<0,0001) e as prevalências de hipertensão arterial (HAS) e sobrepeso/obesidade (S/O) (p<0,003) foram maiores no GH nas três avaliações; 2) As médias de LDL-c e glicemia (p<0,05) em A2 e a prevalência de síndrome metabólica (SM) em A3 foram maiores no GH; 3) A associação HAS+S/O foi mais prevalente no GH enquanto a associação PA+IMC normais foi mais prevalente no GN (p<0,0001) nas três avaliações; 4) HAS em A1 (RR=5,20 = 5,20; p<0,0007), gênero masculino (RR=5,26 = 5,26; p<0,0019) e S/O em A1 (RR=3,40 = 3,40; p<0,0278) determinaram aumento de risco para HA na fase adulta jovem (A3). Conclusão: Após 17 anos de acompanhamento, a PA de indivíduos jovens mostrou relação significativa com as variáveis de risco cardiovascular e a ocorrência de SM na fase adulta jovem.

Background: The study of the cardiovascular risk variables in young populations is fundamental to establish primary prevention strategies. Objective: To evaluate the blood pressure (BP), anthropometric and metabolic profile in young individuals from The Rio de Janeiro Study, followed by 17 years. Methods: A total of 115 individuals (64 males) were evaluated at three different moments (follow-up: 212.23±16.0 months): A1 (12.97±1.48 years), A2 (21.90±1.71 years) and A3 (30.65±2.00 years) and divided in two groups: NG (n=84) with at least two normal BP measurements at the three assessments; HG (n=31) with at least two abnormal BP measurements at the three assessments. BP and body mass index (BMI) were obtained at the three assessments. Levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions were obtained at A2 and A3. Abdominal circumference (AC) was obtained only at A3. Results: 1) The means of BP, BMI and AC (p<0.0001) as well as the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and overweight/obesity (O/O) (p<0.003) were higher in the HG at the three assessments; 2) The means of LDL-c and glycemia (p<0.05) at A2 and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) at A3 were higher in the HG; 3) the association SAH+O/O was more prevalent in the HG, whereas the association NBP+NBMI was more prevalent in the NG (p<0.0001) at the three assessments; 4) SAH at A1 (RR=5.20 = 5.20; p<0.0007), male gender (RR=5.26 = 5.26; p<0.0019) and OO at A1 (RR=3.40 = 3.40; p<0.0278) determined an increased risk for AH at the young adult life (A3). Conclusion: After 17 years of follow-up, the BP of young individuals showed a significant association with the cardiovascular risk variables and the occurrence of MS at the young adult life.

Fundamento: El estudio de variables de riesgo cardiovascular en poblaciones jóvenes es fundamental para estrategias de prevención primaria. Objetivo: Evaluar la presión arterial (PA), perfil antropométrico y metabólico en jóvenes del Estudio de Rio de Janeiro, seguidos por 17 años. Métodos: Se evaluaron 115 individuos (64 masculinos) en tres momentos (seguimiento 212,23±16,0 meses): A1 (12,97±1,48 años), A2 (21,90±1,71 años) y A3 (30,65±2,00 años) y se dividieron en dos grupos: GN (n=84) con por lo menos dos medidas de PA normales en las tres evaluaciones; GH (n=31) con por lo menos dos medidas de PA anormales en las tres evaluaciones. En las tres ocasiones se obtuvieron: PA e índice de masa corporal (IMC). En A2 y A3: glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol total y fracciones. En A3 se agregó la circunferencia abdominal (CA). Resultados: 1) Los promedios de la PA, IMC y CA (p<0,0001) y las prevalencias de hipertensión arterial (HAS) y sobrepeso/obesidad (S/O) (p<0,003) fueron mayores en el GH en las tres evaluaciones; 2) Los promedios de LDL-c y glucemia (p<0,05) en A2 y la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico (SM) en A3 fueron mayores en el GH; 3) La asociación HAS+S/O tuvo mayor prevalencia en el GH mientras que la asociación PA+IMC normales tuvo mayor prevalencia en el GN (p<0,0001) en las tres evaluaciones; 4) HAS en A1 (RR=5,20 = 5,20; p<0,0007), género masculino (RR=5,26 = 5,26; p<0,0019) y S/O en A1 (RR=3,40 = 3,40; p<0,0278) determinaron aumento de riesgo para HA en la fase adulta joven (A3). Conclusión: Después de 17 años de seguimiento, la PA de individuos jóvenes mostró relación significativa con las variables de riesgo cardiovascular y la ocurrencia de SM en la fase adulta joven.

Importance of HDL-c for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the impact of HDL-c and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CV) in the elderly are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and laboratory variables and the occurrence of CV events in elderly patients stratified according to the behavior of HDL-c during an eight-year follow up. METHODS: We evaluated 81 elderly patients, mean age of 68.51 +/- 6.32 years (38.2% male), in two stages (A1 and A2), with a minimum interval of five years. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to HDL-c levels: normal HDL-c in both assessments (NG) (n = 31), low HDL-c in both assessments (LG) (n = 21) and variable HDL-c in A1 and A2 (VG) (n = 29). Main CV events were recorded: coronary heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, percutaneous / surgical myocardial revascularization), stroke, transient ischemic attack, carotid disease, dementia and heart failure. RESULTS: The groups did not differ in gender and age in A1 and A2. Mean triglyceride levels were lower in the NG in A1 (p = 0.027) and A2 (p = 0.016) than in the LG. The distribution of CV events was as follows: 13 events in the NG (41.9%), 16 (76.2%) in the LG, and 12 (41.4%) in the VG (chi2 = 7.149, p = 0.024). The logistic regression analysis showed that the older the patient (OR = 1.187, p = 0.0230) and the lower the HDL-c (OR = 0.9372, p = 0.0102), the greater the occurrence of events CV. CONCLUSION: Permanently low HDL-c during eight years of monitoring is a risk factor for the development of CV events in the elderly.

Importância da HDL-c para a ocorrência de doença cardiovascular no idoso / La importancia del HDL-c para la ocurrencia de la enfermedad cardiovascular en el adulto mayor / Importance of HDL-c for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in the elderly

FUNDAMENTO: Estudos sobre o impacto da HDL-c e ocorrência de doença cardiovascular (CV) em idosos são escassos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais e a ocorrência de eventos CV em idosos estratificados de acordo com o comportamento da HDL-c em seguimento de oito anos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, em dois momentos (A1 e A2), com espaço mínimo de cinco anos, 81 idosos, com idade média de 68,51 ± 6,32 (38,2 por cento do sexo masculino). Os indivíduos foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o nível da HDL-c: HDL-c normal nas duas avaliações (GN) (n=31); HDL-c baixa nas duas avaliações (GB) (n=21); e HDL-c variável de A1 para A2 (GV) (n=29). Foram registrados os eventos CV maiores: doença coronariana (angina, infarto miocárdio, revascularização miocárdica percutânea/cirúrgica), acidente vascular encefálico, acidente isquêmico transitório, doença carotídea, demência e insuficiência cardíaca. RESULTADOS: Os grupos não diferiram quanto à idade e sexo em A1 e A2. As médias dos triglicérides foram menores no GN em A1 (p=0,027) e A2 (p=0,016) que no GB. Já a distribuição de eventos CV foi de 13 eventos no GN (41,9 por cento), 16 (76,2 por cento) no GB e de 12 (41,4 por cento) no GV (χ2=7,149, p=0,024). Em análise de regressão logística observou-se que quanto maior a idade (OR=1,187, p=0,0230) e quanto menor a HDL-c (OR=0,9372, p=0,0102), maior a ocorrência de eventos CV. CONCLUSÃO: O HDL-c permanentemente baixo ao longo de oito anos de acompanhamento foi fator de risco para desenvolvimento de eventos CV em idosos.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the impact of HDL-c and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CV) in the elderly are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and laboratory variables and the occurrence of CV events in elderly patients stratified according to the behavior of HDL-c during an eight-year follow up. METHODS: We evaluated 81 elderly patients, mean age of 68.51 ± 6.32 years (38.2 percent male), in two stages (A1 and A2), with a minimum interval of five years. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to HDL-c levels: normal HDL-c in both assessments (NG) (n = 31), low HDL-c in both assessments (LG) (n = 21) and variable HDL-c in A1 and A2 (VG) (n = 29). Main CV events were recorded: coronary heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, percutaneous / surgical myocardial revascularization), stroke, transient ischemic attack, carotid disease, dementia and heart failure. RESULTS: The groups did not differ in gender and age in A1 and A2. Mean triglyceride levels were lower in the NG in A1 (p = 0.027) and A2 (p = 0.016) than in the LG. The distribution of CV events was as follows: 13 events in the NG (41.9 percent), 16 (76.2 percent) in the LG, and 12 (41.4 percent) in the VG (χ2 = 7.149, p = 0.024). The logistic regression analysis showed that the older the patient (OR = 1.187, p = 0.0230) and the lower the HDL-c (OR = 0.9372, p = 0.0102), the greater the occurrence of events CV. CONCLUSION: Permanently low HDL-c during eight years of monitoring is a risk factor for the development of CV events in the elderly.

FUNDAMENTO: Estudios sobre el impacto del HDL-c y ocurrencia de enfermedad cardiovascular (CV) en adultos mayores son raros. OBJETIVO: Evaluar las variables clínicas y laboratoriales y la ocurrencia de eventos CV en adultos mayores estratificados según el comportamiento del HDL-c en seguimiento de ocho años. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron, en dos momentos (A1 y A2), con espacio mínimo de cinco años, a 81 adultos mayores, con edad promedio de 68,51 ± 6,32 (el 38,2 por ciento del sexo masculino). Los individuos fueron divididos en 3 grupos de acuerdo con el nivel de HDL-c: HDL-c normal en las dos evaluaciones (GN) (n=31); HDL-c bajo en las dos evaluaciones (GB) (n=21); y HDL-c variable de A1 para A2 (GV) (n=29). Se registraron los eventos CV mayores: enfermedad coronaria (angina, infarto miocardio, revascularización miocárdica percutánea/quirúrgica), accidente vascular encefálico, accidente isquémico transitorio, enfermedad carotídea, demencia e insuficiencia cardiaca. RESULTADOS: Los grupos no difirieron en cuanto su edad y el sexo en A1 y A2. Los promedios de los triglicéridos fueron menores en el GN en A1 (p=0,027) y A2 (p=0,016) que en el GB. Sin embargo la distribución de eventos CV fue de 13 en el GN (41,9 por ciento), 16 (76,2 por ciento) en el GB y de 12 (41,4 por ciento) en el GV (χ2=7,149, p=0,024). En el análisis de regresión logística se pudo observar que cuanto mayor la edad (OR=1,187, p=0,0230) y cuanto menor el HDL-c (OR=0,9372, p=0,0102), mayor la ocurrencia de eventos CV. CONCLUSIÓN: El HDL-c permanentemente bajo a lo largo de ocho años de seguimiento fue el factor de riesgo para desarrollo de eventos CV en adultos mayores.

Blood pressure in young individuals as a cardiovascular risk marker. The Rio de Janeiro study.

BACKGROUND: The study of the cardiovascular risk variables in young populations is fundamental to establish primary prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the blood pressure (BP), anthropometric and metabolic profile in young individuals from The Rio de Janeiro Study, followed by 17 years. METHODS: A total of 115 individuals (64 males) were evaluated at three different moments (follow-up: 212.23+/-16.0 months): A1 (12.97+/-1.48 years), A2 (21.90+/-1.71 years) and A3 (30.65+/-2.00 years) and divided in two groups: NG (n=84) with at least two normal BP measurements at the three assessments; HG (n=31) with at least two abnormal BP measurements at the three assessments. BP and body mass index (BMI) were obtained at the three assessments. Levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions were obtained at A2 and A3. Abdominal circumference (AC) was obtained only at A3. RESULTS: 1) The means of BP, BMI and AC (p<0.0001) as well as the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and overweight/obesity (O/O) (p<0.003) were higher in the HG at the three assessments; 2) The means of LDL-c and glycemia (p<0.05) at A2 and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) at A3 were higher in the HG; 3) the association SAH+O/O was more prevalent in the HG, whereas the association NBP+NBMI was more prevalent in the NG (p<0.0001) at the three assessments; 4) SAH at A1 (RR=5.20 = 5.20; p<0.0007), male gender (RR=5.26 = 5.26; p<0.0019) and OO at A1 (RR=3.40 = 3.40; p<0.0278) determined an increased risk for AH at the young adult life (A3). CONCLUSION: After 17 years of follow-up, the BP of young individuals showed a significant association with the cardiovascular risk variables and the occurrence of MS at the young adult life.

A relação entre a pressão arterial e índices antropométricos na infância/adolescência e o comportamento das variáveis de risco cardiovascular na fase adulta jovem, em seguimento de 17 anos: estudos do Rio de Janeiro / Relationship between blood pressure and anthropometric indexes in childhood/adolescence and the behavior of cardiovascular risk in young adults, followed up for 17 years: Rio de Janeiro study

Adoção de medidas de prevenção primária em jovens é de grande importância no cenário das doenças cardiovasculares...

Pressão arterial e o perfil antropométrico e metabólico de indivíduos jovens acompanhados por 16 anos, estratificados pelo comportamento da pressão arterial. Estudo do Rio de Janeiro / Blood pressure and the anthropometric and metabolic profile of young individuals followed-up for 16 years, stratified by the blood pressure pattern. The Rio de Janeiro study

Objetivo: Avaliar a pressão arterial (PA), o perfil antropométrico e metabólico em indivíduos jovens, estratificados pelo comportamento da sua PA por 16 anos de acompanhamento. Métodos: Estudo observacional. Em seguimento de 199,38 mais ou menos 4,56 meses, 61 indivíduos (29M) pertencentes à coorte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro realizaram três avaliações. A1: aos 12,10 mais ou menos 0,96 anos (10-15 anos), A2: aos 21,97 mais ou menos l,95 anos (18-25 anos) e A3 aos 29,46 mais ou menos 1,70 anos (26-33 anos). Três grupos foram constituídos : Grupo N(n igual 27): PA normal nas 3 avaliações, Grupo H(n igual 8), PA anormal nas três avaliações, Grupo H (n igial 8), PA anormal nas e avaliações. Grupo I. (n igual 26, PA variável nas 3 avaliações. Nas Três ocasiões foram obtidos PA, peso e altura e o índice de massa corporal (INC). Em A2 e A3 foram dosados glicose, colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c e triglicerideos. Em A3 acrescentou-se a circunferência abdominal. Foi consisderada hipertensão arterial (HA) quando a PA maior ou menor percentil 95 (A1) ou maior ou menor 140/90mmHg (A2 e A3)....

Objective: To evaluate the blood pressure (BP), the anthropometric and metabolic profile of young individuals, stratified by the pattern of their BP in a16-year follow-up. Methods: Observational study. In a 199.38±4.56-month follow-up, 61 individuals (29M), belonging to a cohort study of Rio de Janeiro underwent three evaluations:A1: at ages 12.10±0.96 (10-15 years), A2: at ages 21.97±1.95 (18-25 years), and A3: at ages 29.46±1.70 (26-33 years). Three groups were formed: Group N (n=27): normal BP in the three evaluations; Group H (n=8): normal BP in the three evaluations; Group L (n=26): variable BP in the three evaluations. In all occasions BP, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) wereobtained. In A2 and A3 glucose, total cholesterol, LDLC, HDL-C and triglycerides were measured. In A3waist circumference was added. High arterial pressure was considered as existing when AP >percentile 95(A1) or >140/90mmHg (A2 and A3).Results: 1) Group H showed higher averages of SBP, DBP (p<0.001), weight and BMI than Group N in A1,A2, and A3 (p<0.003); 2) In A3, the prevalence of AH was 32.8% and overweight was 60.0%. The prevalenceof overweight in groups N, H, and L were 30.8%, 100%, and 76.9%, respectively (p<0.001); 3) There were no differences as to the metabolic variables; 4) Metabolic syndrome (SM) was detected in 40.0% of Group H whileit was not at all detected in group N (p<0.03) in A3. Conclusion: After a 16 year follow-up, BP obtained in childhood and adolescence was significantly related to anthropometric variables and metabolic syndrome.